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Phonetics and Phonology

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  What is  Phonetics? Phonetics is divided into three subbranches: articulator phonetics, acoustic phonetics, sensorial phonetics, or perceptual phonetics. Each one of them is concerned with different features of the production sounds.         Phonetics involves places of articulation, voicing, and the mental process to produce different sounds, thus phonetics is concerned  production of  sounds, how and where they are produced in the vocal tract. According to Iyabode, O. D. (2011) “phonetics essentially seeks to trace the process physiologically involve in sound production” (pp. 1), in other words, the Author says, “that phonetics describes the production process involve in physical sounds” (pp. 2).         The process of articulation to sound production involves the organs of the vocal tract, those organs are the lungs palate, uvula pharynx, epiglottis, glottis, and vocal cords. They are adapting to produce speech i...
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Concepts of Voiced and Unvoiced sounds

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  Voiced and Unvoiced sounds We have two types of sounds, in the English language sound and non-sound: Voiced  Sound sounds are those that occur when the vocal cords vibrate during the production of a sound.  To check it, we can put our hand in the throat and feel the vibration, this happens in the sounds: Consonants: /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/, and /ʒ/ (as in measure). Vowels: All vowels in English are voiced (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, etc.). How to test: Say "zzz" (as in zebra) and place your hand on your throat. The vibration you feel indicates voicing. Unvoiced sounds Non-sound sounds do not emit vibration in the throat, the airflow passes freely unobstructed. this occurs in: Examples: Consonants: /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, /f/, and /ʃ/ (as in ship). How to test: Say "sss" (as in snake) and place your hand on your throat. The lack of vibration indicates that the sound is unvoiced. Note: All vowels and diphthongs are voiced sounds. IPA chart Consonants sounds Vowels sounds ...
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Content word and function word.

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  Content word and function word. Content word: Those words carry the main meaning or sense of information in a sentence. They are typically  nouns ,   verbs ,   adjectives , and   adverbs . The  meaning of new words can be added to these categories over time.  Examples: Noun :  dog Verb :  write Function word:  Those words are  articles ,  prepositions ,  conjunctions ,  pronouns , and  auxiliary verbs  that have a grammatical role in the sentences. The main function is to connect, structure, and give sense to the content word into a sentence. Usually, those words  are pronounced weaker or more quickly than the words of content. Examples: Preposition :  by Conjunction :  so
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Falling intonation and rising intonation.

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Falling Intonation:  This refers to a descending intonation pattern, meaning the person lowers his voice at the end of a sentence. It is used to convey finality, certainty or indicate that an idea is complete. It is also used in yes/no questions looking for negative and affirmative answers, giving instructions, and declaring information. Examples: I live in  Bucaramanga . Where are you  going ? Rising Intonation: In this case, the person raises the voice at the end of the sentence to transmit doubt, surprise, and incomplete enumerations, and ask for validation of what was said. The rising intonation is used also in yes/no questions to look for a specific answer and in W-questions when more information is required. Examples: you did what? Could you help me with this  project ?
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Some videos.

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  Phonetics and Phonology   Sounds of the IPA Chart Content words, syllable stress and words stress
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